Rise Of "Gig" Or "Task Rabbit" Economy Means Workers Are "Fucked" With No Future

[TheMastersNemesis]

I wrote an extensive email to a friend a few years ago about eh "No Job Jobs Of The 21st Century". And everything that I believed about what Reagan and his cronies were up to in 1980 is literally coming true. I hate to be right but the "gig" economy is the end result of the Reagan Revolution.

What we are seeing is what the "service economy" was really all about when Reagan gave his speech about it in 1981. And I do nut understand why workers are so sheepish about accepting this new reality in the new global economy. There is NO GOD DAMNED future in this new business model. In the end most workers will have not benefits. Going from one "gig" or "contract" is an economic dead end. It will be disaster for most workers. And employers will be free from ALL responsibility.

As Hillary Clinton points out the dangers and exploitation of this new model, Jeb Bush is singing praises about this new disastrous business model. IT IS A GOD DAMNED FUCKING LIE. This new model is about throwing away workers as disposable commodities.

When I worked at DOL I was screaming my head off about this bullshit. You could see this model being developed every daY and you could see how business and the GOP cronies were selling it to workers. And the vicious anti union rhetoric and attacks on business regulation were also part of the strategy.

Even is you feel secure in your job WAKE THE FUCK up and push or collective bargaining and strong federal labor laws. In time you too will be a JOB GYPSY moving from gig to gig. Scott Walker is the politician most likely to push this agenda. That is why he is so determined to destroy ALL unions. And the Koch's love him.

Just about every worker will become a temp or contract worker if labor trends continue. Uber should not be in business.

Any way this rant is my response to the coming disaster for workers that I see coming unless workers wake up.

[Newsjock]

1. Off you go

To the Page O' Greatness for you.

[Skittles]

2. I see it creeping in everywhere

sending people home from their jobs during slow times - calling them at all hours when they need them, having to re-interview when a contract ends, looking for new jobs every few months- IT STINKS - and people who support companies like Uber are giving it all the BIG THUMBS UP

here's yet another Uber driver in the news

http://www.wfaa.com/story/news/crime/2015/07/31/dallas-uber-driver-arrested-for-sex-assault-on-customer/30975131/

[TheKentuckian]

32. To be fair cabbies are essentially on a week to week contract based on paying their lease

and are contractors, it might work out better than UBER or whatever using their car bit I'm not sure of that and suspect either way you have have a nice client base and run pretty hard to do better than just make it but if you have those things one can do pretty well.

Those cabbies counting on dispatch (unless they run medicaid vouchers) and on working something like a normal work week are going to struggle to pay their lease and make any money.

I bet either way most struggle.

[SusanCalvin]

33. Here's the right idea.

http://www.unioncab.com/AboutUs

I got a lot of hits when I Googled co op cab company. Uber without giving Uber its no-doubt-too-large cut. And owned by the workers.

[TheKentuckian]

38. Yeah, looks much better than other models.

[unblock]

3. eventually, part-timers and contract workers will get benefits, or the equivalent.

my own view is that employers should not be rewarded with reduced benefit expenses by turning splitting a full-time job into two half-time jobs. at a minimum, someone working 20 hours a week should get benefits equal to half of what someone working 40 hours a week gets.

that way, if you can scrape together 40 hours a week from several different jobs, you're no worse off then a full-timer, but perhaps more important, employers don't have as much incentive to trash full-time jobs in the first place.

that said, more fundamentally, benefits, most notably healthcare, shouldn't be part of jobs benefits in the first place. if we had medicare-for-all, this crap wouldn't matter nearly as much.

[SusanCalvin]

34. This stuff happening

would require a government that actually cared about regular people. Hope we can get that.

[TexasBushwhacker]

58. Actually, the ACA makes it easier to be independent

contractors or have a small business, and single payer would make it even better. I can understand the desire for a steady income and benefits, especially if you have a family. But some people find they can make more and work less if they work independently. Right now I have a part time job that pays enough to cover my bills. I get very affordable health insurance through the ACA. My plan is to start my own business on my days off, with the idea that as I move into retirement (I'm 58) it will be a lot easier to work as much as I want, when I want, for decent money.

[unblock]

71. yes, the separation of benefits (particularly health insurance) from employment is the key

it never should have happened in the first place, we've been stuck in this mess ever since.

aca is a step in the right direction.

[Skittles]

70. do you really think that?

that "if you can scrape together 40 hours a week from several different jobs, you're no worse off then a full-timer"?
Do you not understand the stress and instability that comes with working several different jobs?

[unblock]

72. no, of course, good point. i just meant in terms of the benefits.

obviously having several jobs is more complicated, involves more commutes, is likely to be less stable, scheduling is likely to be less predictable, etc. but at least you would have benefits comparable to those of a full-timer, at least in terms of health insurance, which is usually the biggest benefit.

actually my main point was that from an employer's point of view, there would be far less of an incentive to breakup a full-time job into two or more part-time jobs (which currently can save a lot in benefits). in that case, the trend toward part-time jobs would probably slow down considerably, if not actually reverse.

[Skittles]

75. understood :)

alas, health benefits are being reduced or made more expensive every year, and Obamacare is just slowing it down, not stopping that trend

[Sen. Walter Sobchak]

4. I don't think day laborers are something new

[Skittles]

5. WTF

you're COMPLETELY missing the point - they want to make ALL JOBS like the old "day laborer" jobs

[Sen. Walter Sobchak]

8. That is completely impractical

Where practical, this has already happened. Look at the explosion of the staffing industry, which I believe began in the 1960's.

Remember the "Kelly Girl" ads?

If you think these stupid apps are really all that, you're just buying into the hype.

[Skittles]

11. you are out of touch

OVER AND OUT

[Sen. Walter Sobchak]

19. No, I just have a longer memory than a hampster

Referring to a "Task Rabbit Economy" to describe odd jobs is ridiculous.

[catrose]

30. Not just odd jobs

But jobs that were close to professions, like tech writing and IT. I haven't had a job with benefits since 1995. My 35 yr old son has never had one, despite many promises of "next year" or "next quarter."

[Sen. Walter Sobchak]

49. I didn't say otherwise

But if people are upset about that, they should be looking to companies like Randstad that have been facilitating this for decades and not stupid apps that would have previously been unknown to all but the most religious viewers of Bloomberg West.

All these worthless apps do is take credit cards and give the casual labor a 1099-MISC.

[cui bono]

52. I didn't notice anything said about apps. It's about making permanent full-time jobs

that come with benefits non-permanent. It's about going from an employee model, where the employer is responsible for the employee's benefits and pension to a contract model where there is no "employer" therefore no such responsibilities. With that comes job insecurity for the "contractor".

[WinkyDink]

82. Why are you speaking of "apps"?

[Sen. Walter Sobchak]

85. Because apprently the "task rabbit economy" is a thing

https://itunes.apple.com/en/app/taskrabbit/id374165361?mt=8

[Eleanors38]

67. Yeah, like teaching college-level for 3 yrs: PTT. nt

[chervilant]

17. Wow...

I have to wonder if you're independently wealthy, or if you are an "employer" who views the corporate megalomaniacs' continued derogation of the lowest rung factory fodder and service industry drones as a source of additional wealth.

This OP is NOT about "day laborers." It's about relegating the vast majority of the US workforce to disposable, tenuous, and highly stressful employment statuses.

[Sen. Walter Sobchak]

18. That has been status quo for a very long time

But lets focus on some libertarian weirdo in San Francisco with a stupid haircut and some worthless app and whip up a moral panic.

The "derogation of the lowest rung factory fodder and service industry drones" was done and is being done by staffing agencies that have been at it for decades.

[IthinkThereforeIAM]

24. I hope we can reach consensus now...

... this post cleared up your position. I knew I would end up agreeing with you, this one sealed it.

[chervilant]

68. And, now, by the

HR departments of most major employers, which is the topic of this OP.

(as you could admit, gracefully...)

[daleanime]

6. K&R.....

[tclambert]

7. Do any of today's kids even know the word "career?"

[Igel]

12. Yes. Quite a few.

But not all think of it as a single, steady job for a lifetime.

A lot of them have 5-minute attention spans, and sort of stare if you say you've had the same job for 10 years or have been married for 20. They have trouble with classic rock songs with extended versions. "Isn't this ever going to end?" "It's been 7 minutes." "Really? That long?"

People wonder why they don't like symphonies. (1) Too long. (2) Too long. (3) Too long. (4) They have chords. (5) They have melodies. (6) Too long. (7) In addition to chords and melodies, they have ... Counterpoint! Leitmotifs. More than one theme. And, (8) too long.

[IthinkThereforeIAM]

23. Wow...

... you resemble my sentiments, exactly! I recall being that way when I was 12 years old. Just tossing another, "derogation", into the mix.

[bobclark86]

46. Lol, I love when old people...

start trashing Millennials as a bunch of ingrates who have no work ethic or attention span because we're not working factory jobs, buying houses in Suburbia or buying opera tickets ... It's totally because we're lazy and have no attention span and not because we're overburdened with state college debt and don't feel the need to dump $100K into a house that's under water on the mortgage -- even though we volunteer more than any generation in history (that's doing work without getting paid because we like how it feels to help others).

BTW, you want to know what's at stake for ridiculing Millennials? Making them apathetic so they don't do this:



SMH

[Luminous Animal]

77. Good post.

[uponit7771]

51. There are no single jobs for a lifetime or a long time, that's the parents fault for voting RayGun..

[StarzGuy]

54. If You Are Lucky...

...to get a full time teaching position in a public school system then you can have a career if you can stand it. I did for 35 years. I was totally burned out around 30 years and got sick then had to retire.

However, I wouldn't like to be a new college graduate trying to get into a good teaching job today. If you have a lot of college debt this is a way to reduce that debt by entering the teaching position. The pay and benefits are not gold standards but they do offer a living wage with benefits such as healthcare and retirement.

Just my thoughts from one who has lived this nightmare!

[tclambert]

86. Republicans want to privatize all the schools, eliminate the idea of tenure and teachers' unions.

If they get their way, future teachers may not have stable careers.

[shanti]

56. i had a career for 21 years with the state

could've stayed as long as i wanted though, but opted out early. it's still possible for others.

[uponit7771]

83. It's possible but less probable these days, the "right to work" = fire everyone to CEOs

[jeff47]

63. And they keep walking on your lawn too. (nt)

[shanti]

55. if you work for the government

it's pretty much a career...albeit, with lessened bennies now.

[tclambert]

87. Some R's in Congress have already said they want to privatize the Postal Service.

They hired out a lot of military duties to KBR and Blackwater. They keep pushing for charter schools and other types of private schools. They basically want to contract out every government service if they can. So I don't know if future government workers will have any job security.

[jeff47]

64. I expect to change employers about every 3 years.

And I'm Gen-X, and I'm a software developer.

This isn't a new phenomenon. What's new is people are starting to pay attention.

[moondust]

9. "end result of the Reagan Revolution"

Quarterly Increase in U.S. Worker Pay Smallest on Record

"The 0.2 percent advance (in wages and salaries) was the smallest since records began in 1982..."

Institutionalized piggery.

[Igel]

14. Looks like the first reports were issued in early '82.

And included much of '81. Regularly issued since then.

Note that Reagan was elected in November '82, took office in January '83, so this month's 0.2, if accurate, is lower than anything since before Regan was elected.

"Smallest since 1982" isn't the same as "as small as one in 1982." This one's a record. Unless it's revised upward.

[moondust]

15. Reagan was elected in November 80.

Took office in January 81.

[SusanCalvin]

35. That chart illustrates

what I refer to as the money being Hoovered upwards. The 1% did not "earn" what is shown on that chart. It doesn't just need to be stopped, it needs to be clawed back down.

[moondust]

45. They want it all.

It sorta looks like greed may be a progressive illness: the more you get the more you want. Pure piggery.

Would be nice to see an opposite and equal "correction" but I don't know if that's even possible at this point without some kind of cataclysm.

[kelliekat44]

22. Stop it!! At least it was an INCTREASE. And the last quarter was revised upward. 2% steady growth

quarter over quarter is still a compound growth. 2% of an increasing number is still growth. Just think what you all would be saying if it was a decline every quarter.

[rwsanders]

10. This post is probably relevant...

http://www.democraticunderground.com/1017283338

[Egnever]

16. Aww you had to link to Roddy today?

http://www.tmz.com/2015/07/31/roddy-piper-dead-dies-wwe-wrestler-cancer/

[rwsanders]

59. Sorry the video seemed relevant, I didn't realize he had died until after.

[Egnever]

61. I figured

It's definitely a classic. Wasn't trying to make you feel bad about it just made me a little sad.

[Liberal_in_LA]

13. k&r

[Alkene]

20. No kidding.

I envy those for whom this is a revelation.
This "coming disaster" of being fucked with no future is here.

"...temps, contract employees, casual day laborers, baristas, warehouse pickers at Amazon, fast-food workers, call-center operators, nurse’s aides, underemployed “consultants,” and adjunct professors all have one core trait in common with freelance errand-runners: They have lost bargaining power."
http://prospect.org/article/task-rabbit-economy

[snot]

21. The point is . . .

In the 70's, experts predicted we'd all be working less than 30 hours/week, and enjoy a significantly higher quality of life.

If wages had kept pace with productivity, that expectation would have been exceeded.

They didn't. Though workers' productivity and our GNP skyrocketed, the 1% have managed to scrape off all the additional wealth the rest of us created.

For more than four DECADES.

They are REALLY rich now. (And they've invested wisely, buying most of the media, not to mention the gummint.)

But if the 99% could just stop fighting each other based on race, religion, etc. etc., and gang up on our masters . . .

[Scuba]

25. /\_/\_This right here_/\_/\

[handmade34]

26. "just stop fighting each other"

[cantbeserious]

28. Yet - Most Don't Realize - The 1 % Foment Most Of The Infighting

eom

[SusanCalvin]

36. Yep. nt

[Not Sure]

44. Donald Trump nt

[Zorra]

47. I believe dividing us in service to the 1% is the reason so many oligarchists

on DU are proselytizing with Third Way doctrine sewage here, and taking advantage or those who have poor critical thinking skills so that the Third Way proselytizers can get them to vote against their own interests.

This whole ridiculous meme being spread by oligarchists that economic justice does not matter, and that only social justice matters, is a prime example of their efforts.

For example, as a member of the LGBT minority group, what good will it do me to get non-discrimination housing and employment laws passed if I can't afford to pay for housing because my wages are too low?


Social justice and economic justice are both extremely important, and we should struggle for both to the best of our abilities until we achieve them.

[Dark n Stormy Knight]

57. Great points!

And, as far as I can see, it's a little harder to legislate social justice compared to economic justice. I think government can do more to guarantee the latter.

The arts perhaps can do more for social justice. A lot of credit is being given to television shows for the increased acceptance of homosexuality, and rightly so, it seems to me. And it could also do more than it does for economic justice if the will were there.

[appalachiablue]

79. Elites may have to give in to some social reforms after much effort, but not

on economics, not the MONEY, never. That's the rule, the golden one. The only time it was altered and with a fight was after the Depression through FDR and successors. By Reagan's 'counter-revolution' they started hacking away at affordable college, homes, and secure, well paying jobs with benefits, the foundation of the US middle class. And it has succeeded. CRIMINAL PIGS. So unfair.
- How can you get a mortgage or credit cards if you need or want them with low wages, several part-time jobs AND student debt?
- *LOOK at the RATIO of PAY Between CEO & AVERAGE WORKER- The US!? -



- US HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE FALLS TO THE LOWEST LEVEL SINCE THE *1960s, 7/28/15
Stricter mortgage lending standards and stagnant wages impair home ownership.
http://www.democraticunderground.com/10141159852

- 1994, BILL CLINTON HOMEOWNERSHIP INITATIVE BEGAN *Look at the Graph Above.
Too much Greenspan, Bob Rubin et al. 1990s McMansions and SUVs.

- BILL CLINTON'S DRIVE TO INCREASE HOME OWNERSHIP WENT TOO FAR, 2/27/2008
http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/hotproperty/archives/2008/02/clintons_drive.html

[Duppers]

84. Yes, Great Points! nt

[cantbeserious]

27. Trickle Down Economics - So Grand And Glorious - For The 1%

eom

[raouldukelives]

29. Amen. There are those who invest in Main St.

And those who invest in Wall St.

It is only by the combined will and wealth of many that we are where we are today.

For every person legitimately trying to create a better future, there are scores investing in the forces at war against them.

[eppur_se_muova]

31. The term "Desperation Capitalism" is more than appropriate ....

http://www.democraticunderground.com/10026663149

[Zorra]

37. Neoconservatism + Neoliberalism = Privatization

It's Unwise To Privatize

http://www.afscme.org/issues/privatization

[TBF]

39. 100% correct -

Unfortunately I see this as 100% correct. People are too quick to buy into wedge issue divides and let economics drop to the wayside. They will continue to vote against their economic interests (whether voting for neocons or neolibs). Ultimately workers worldwide will band together to fight global capital but I don't expect that fight to start in the US. We are too complacent here and willing to be swayed by the billionaires' marketing campaigns.

[ToxMarz]

40. What is really unnerving about this new trend is the Wall Street monopolization of service

And low wage semi skilled jobs. Many of these allowed individuals and smaller business to work for themselves or start their own businesses. The profits/earnings stayed in the local economy. Soon every worker and job will have to pay a "tax" to Wall Street to perform even the most menial task. No one can possibly afford to try to compete with them.

[Omaha Steve]

41. K&R!

[drm604]

42. I'm looking for IT work and a lot of what's out there is contract work.

It's definitely becoming more and more common. The DOL needs to enforce the rules as to what does and doesn't constitute contract work.

[JCMach1]

43. Majorly happening in academia right now... on the avg. 60-70% of Post-Secondary teachers

are now PT in one form or another...

[IDemo]

48. I'll repost this here, for those who may have been misclassified as contractors:

http://www.democraticunderground.com/10026395711

Are you an independent contractor, or a full-time employee?

Along with outsourcing, offshoring, and "right-sizing", contracting has become more popular with American business as a cost savings measure. A company can not only avoid paying their share of FICA taxes but skip on the unemployment compensation when a job has been completed. That's not to say there aren't legitimate circumstances when an independent contractor fits the bill, but the system has been abused, predictably.

I spent much of 2014 working for a tech startup company as a "1099 employee", or independent contractor. This, despite having no contract in place. What this means is that you are responsible for paying the full amount due for Social Security and Medicare expenses, including the half that would normally be covered by your employer. You also must make quarterly income tax payments rather than having them due by April of the following year.

Workers who should qualify as full-timers will often find themselves with a 1099-MISC form at the end of the year instead of a W2. But that doesn't mean you are necessarily stuck with that designation. There are tests that the IRS uses to determine how you should be classified, including:

1) Do you receive work assignments directly from the boss, or are you given a project to complete? Note - this one applies even if it is understood that they have the right to issue instructions, whether they actually do or not.

2) Who supplies the tools, workspace and supplies for you to execute the task?

3) Are you expected to work regular hours or can you perform the job on your own time as needed?

4) Are you free to work for other clients or is your time expected to be fully devoted to one employer?

5) Are you paid an hourly wage?

The IRS has a 20 point questionnaire with further tests to determine your status as described here:
http://www.accountingpartners.com/irschecklist.shtml

If you feel you have been unfairly classified as a contractor rather than a full time employee, you can submit a form SS-8, "Determination of Worker Status for Purposes of Federal Employment Taxes and Income Tax Withholding". The IRS will mail a copy to the employer for them to make their case before making a determination. That won't happen overnight, particularly this year with an understaffed IRS.

Yes, you are very likely going to damage your relationship with the outfit that gave you the work. But this is just another means for employers to profit at the expense of the people who do the work that earns their profits.

[mwooldri]

50. Contract work in itself isn't bad.

But it is ill suited to the US employment model. For very special skill workers, who have national insurance for health and retirement then it can be lucrative. For not so skilled workers who don't have national insurance... then you have the problem right there.

[colsohlibgal]

53. And The Republicans Want to Build A Memorial To Reagan

The damage done to the middle class since Reagan is startling. If we the people ever wrestle this nation back from the Oligarchs Reagan will not be looked on so kindly by most going forward.

Post WWII till Reagan the top marginal tax rate was from 64-91%. Reagan slashed it by more than half and the dismantling of the New Deal was underway. It picked up steam under a democrat with the start of all the free trade deals, with doing away with Glass-Steagall, with the elimination of The Fairness Doctrine - which begat Rush/Hannity etc, to hoodwink the clueless in our society.

So here we are and solid middle class jobs that used to support families here are being moved to other countries where they can pay peanuts for wages.

It's why I'm for Bernie. I don't trust Hillary. Hillary seems to have been nudged to speak a little more populist, but it's always light on details as opposed to Sanders.

A lot of us got burned by Obama, believing what he said in 2008. Fool me once shame on you fool me twice shame on me.

[efilon]

60. Posts from my son

I make 4k more a year now than I did in 2006. I was 23 with no college degree. Now I'm 32 with a degree and 10+ years of experience. 😐😐😐😐😐😐

And this from a friend of his.

I had a convo with my boss today, that I need a raise. I've been with the company over 2 years and I have never had one. He said he thought the company did pay a living wage if you live in a two income family. I explained that I don't. His response, "Well are you planning on getting married, because I can't give you a raise." I'm totally offended, am I right to be? Would he have said the same thing if I was a single father? Really upset by his comments about how I should be married if I want a living wage.
Aside from all of this, I am doing all the site manager work because ours was fired, and he will not give me the title or the pay because he is waiting for our contract update. We have been waiting for 1 year. I heard him ask his boss if he could promote me and pay me more, His boss actually said, "well isn't she already doing the work?" "Yes." "Then why would we pay her more?"


Seems to be the way of the world today.

[TheMastersNemesis]

62. The Real Brutal Truth Is That Business Cannot Afford A Living Wage To Compete In Global Economy.

The new business model even in the US is that wages are too high in the US for a global economy. Ever since Reagan the business model has been changed to the lowest common denominator somewhere on the planet. Now understand this concept. The new business model of corporate America is "wage parity" with the global economy. What workers are NOT being told is that US workers MUST take a potential pay cut to compete. That means "stagnant wages" at best until the world catches up.

This concept is well understood if you worked at DOL like I did until 1998. NO ONE will talk about the idea of "wage parity" because it is so politically toxic. And the MSM will NOT cover it because they are in collusion with corporate thought in that they are OWNED by the multinationals.

I have understood this idea all along because of the job I had at DOL for 24 years. What I had access to was because of where I worked. The average worker would to understand this idea because no one of consequence will discuss it. However, "wage parity" is real if you think and analyze what Reagan and his cronies wrought. What is happening today is no accident. It was planned. AND THE GOP IS BEHIND IT ON STEROIDS. The trade agreements were their policy. And Democrats helped because of corporate big money threats in the last 35 years.

[KoKo]

65. Master Nemesis...you might find this read interesting

It addresses some of what you are talking about.

The Crowdsourcing Scam--Why do you deceive yourself?

http://www.democraticunderground.com/1016129102

[Dan]

66. When you have nothing to lose

you have everything to gain...

[littlewolf]

69. understand completely I work for a company that has a gov't contract.

and the cuts just keep on coming.
I have been looking for about a month now…
I have a job but looking for something else.
I am 59 yrs old … and hope to get back into
a state job .. had one for 10 years so I have
that pension … and would be nice to work the last
5-7 years for the state again.

[ion_theory]

73. K&R

[hifiguy]

74. Disposabile, fungible serfs have always been a part of the end game

that the plutocracy has been diligently working for since the days of the plot against FDR.

To a capitalist, every penny in the hands of someone other than himself or another capitalist is a penny that has been stolen by the proletariat, a penny to which they have no moral right, and a penny that belongs by divine right to a capitalist. That is "free-market" or Friedman/Rand capitalism in one sentence.

Capitalism is the biggest scam in the history of humankind, and Marx will yet be proved right in his prognosis for capitalism. I think we can work out something better than Marxian communism going forward, however. That, too, is a gross misreading of human nature.

[guillaumeb]

76. An excellent post.

I had a discussion some months ago here with a few supporters of Uber. They pointed out the supposed freedom to work when you want and the freedom to put together a number of these McJobs to suit a schedule.

My response was, if people are given a choice, would the vast majority of people choose a full time job with benefits and a future, or a series of part time jobs with no guarantees? We all know the answer.

The US developed a middle class during the 30's when union organizing led to millions of people working under contracts that gave actual working people economic security. The US enjoyed huge increases in economic success and the economy made its biggest gains during the period from 1940-1975, the time when the US enjoyed its highest rate of unionization.

After the disaster of Reaganism, naked class warfare replaced the truce that had existed between labor and capital. Since Reagan's time, wages for the bottom 90% have stagnated and jobs were outsourced to low wage countries. Unionized manufacturing jobs have been replaced by WalMart and McDonalds type jobs. As the rate of union membership declines, the economy declines.

[hay rick]

78. K&R

[Thespian2]

80. K & R

[historylovr]

81. K & R