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SunSeeker

(51,559 posts)
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 02:36 AM Apr 2020

Why we must wear masks: talking, even breathing, expels microscopic droplets.

The louder we talk, the more potentially infectious droplets we released, with singing being about as bad as nonstop coughing. That explains why we have such big outbresks in churches. But even simple breathing releases micrscopic droplets that could contain viruses.

From a 2019 article in Nature:


It has long been recognized that particles expelled during human expiratory events, such as sneezing, coughing, talking, and breathing, serve as vehicles for respiratory pathogen transmission.
The relative contribution of each expiratory activity in transmitting infectious microorganisms, however, remains unclear. Much previous research has focused on coughing and sneezing activities that yield relatively large droplets (approximately 50 ?m or larger) easily visible to the naked eye. Less noticeable, but arguably more infectious for some diseases, are the smaller particles emitted during sneezing and coughing as well as during breathing and talking. These small particles are believed to be generated during breathing and talking from the mucosal layers coating the respiratory tract via a combination of a “fluid-film burst” mechanism within the bronchioles and from vocal folds adduction and vibration within the larynx. The particles emitted during breathing and typical speech predominantly average only 1 ?m in diameter and are thus too small to see without specialized equipment; most people outside of the community of bioaerosol researchers are less aware of them.

Despite their small size, however, these micron-scale particles are sufficiently large to carry a variety of respiratory pathogens such as measles virus (50–500?nm), influenza virus (100?nm–1?µm), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1–3?µm). Indeed, recent work by Yan et al. has confirmed that significant amounts of influenza viral RNA are present in small particles (<5 ?m) emitted by influenza-infected individuals during natural breathing, without coughing or sneezing. These small particles are potentially more infectious than larger sneeze- or cough-generated droplets for several reasons. First, smaller particles persist in the air for longer time periods before setting by gravity, thus increasing the probability of inhalation by susceptible individuals. Second, smaller particles have a larger probability of penetrating further into the respiratory tract of a susceptible individual to initiate a lower respiratory tract infection. Third, and perhaps most importantly, speech can release dramatically larger numbers of particles compared to coughing. Early work by Papineni and Rosenthal and Loudon and Roberts reported that speaking (as exemplified by counting aloud) releases about 2–10 times as many total particles as a single cough. Similarly, Loudon and Roberts investigated the role of singing in the spread of tuberculosis and showed that the percentage of airborne droplet nuclei generated by singing is 6 times more than that emitted during normal talking and approximately equivalent to that released by coughing. More recent work using advanced particle characterization techniques have yielded similar results. Chao et al. used an interferometric imaging technique to obtain the size distribution of particles larger than 2 ?m and found that counting aloud from 1 to 100 releases at least 6 times as many particles as an individual cough. Likewise, Morawska and coworkers reported that counting aloud for 10?seconds followed by 10?seconds of breathing, repeated over two minutes, releases half as many particles as 30?seconds of continual coughing, which in turn releases half as many particles as saying “aah” for 30?seconds. They also reported that more particles are released when speech is voiced, which involves vocal folds vibration, rather than whispered, which does not.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38808-z

16 replies = new reply since forum marked as read
Highlight: NoneDon't highlight anything 5 newestHighlight 5 most recent replies
Why we must wear masks: talking, even breathing, expels microscopic droplets. (Original Post) SunSeeker Apr 2020 OP
And the virus can live up to 3 hours in the air... pbmus Apr 2020 #1
Fucking horrifying. SunSeeker Apr 2020 #3
Yes! SheltieLover Apr 2020 #9
I read a few weeks ago that the virus BigmanPigman Apr 2020 #2
30 days? Is that a typo? SunSeeker Apr 2020 #4
That is my cautious estimate. BigmanPigman Apr 2020 #5
Harvard experts say it can live up to 5 days on surfaces. SunSeeker Apr 2020 #6
The 14 day number is the length of time BigmanPigman Apr 2020 #7
Makes sense. Yeah, that Red Zone special by Sky News was horrifying. SunSeeker Apr 2020 #8
Being overly cautious is a good thing! SheltieLover Apr 2020 #10
I thought you were going to say I was being paranoid BigmanPigman Apr 2020 #12
Almost hate to say it but. Ani Yun Wiya Apr 2020 #11
That is the word I couldn't remember..."shedding". BigmanPigman Apr 2020 #13
I think this is the first time in my life that I have ever really been afraid of getting sick. smirkymonkey Apr 2020 #14
Me too, had a horrible cough all January. I've been sewing masks for me and my friends and family. SunSeeker Apr 2020 #15
It's great that you can do something so helpful and useful. smirkymonkey Apr 2020 #16

BigmanPigman

(51,593 posts)
2. I read a few weeks ago that the virus
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 02:52 AM
Apr 2020

comes out of us through normal talking. Also, even just breathing normally releases virus into the air. That is why I have worn a mask for the past 3 weeks whenever I have gone out (only a few times) and will continue to wear the used/recycled ones over and over rotating their use so that I don't wear the same one twice in one month since the virus will die in the exposed air within 30 days. I have a few saved from over the years (one is from 1999, an antique). It is better than nothing. I can deal with the dirt and grime on the masks, as long as it isn't the virus I do not care.

BigmanPigman

(51,593 posts)
5. That is my cautious estimate.
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 02:57 AM
Apr 2020

The "experts" say 14 days is safe (that is the asymptomatic number) so I doubled it to be super safe. They don't know so much about this and I do not trust most of what I hear and decided to be overly cautious.

SunSeeker

(51,559 posts)
6. Harvard experts say it can live up to 5 days on surfaces.
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 03:05 AM
Apr 2020

From the Harvard website:

A recent study found that the COVID-19 coronavirus can survive up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard, and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. The researchers also found that this virus can hang out as droplets in the air for up to three hours before they fall. But most often they will fall more quickly.

There's a lot we still don't know, such as how different conditions, such as exposure to sunlight, heat, or cold, can affect these survival times.


https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-basics

Where have you seen the 14-day estimate?

BigmanPigman

(51,593 posts)
7. The 14 day number is the length of time
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 03:15 AM
Apr 2020

a person can be asymptomatic (of course this can change and may not be accurate). I figure that if I do have the virus and am asymptomatic than if the virus particles are in my used, or even a new mask, after 14 days any virus would be dead. This way I can't give the germs to someone else or give it back to myself (no one knows if they have/had it without a test). We must test, test, TEST everyone to be safe. We don't know how long you are immune (or even if you ARE indeed immune or can catch it again right away) even if you did have it.

I watched the TV special called Into The Red Zone about life in Italy where it started and am not taking any chances.

SheltieLover

(57,073 posts)
10. Being overly cautious is a good thing!
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 04:41 AM
Apr 2020

I readcsomewhere yesterday (cannot recall source) that now docs are saying incubation period is more like 3 weeks & quarentine period should be at least that long after exposure.

Of course corp media isn't going to publicize this, but I lije your overly cautious approach! 👍

BigmanPigman

(51,593 posts)
12. I thought you were going to say I was being paranoid
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 05:52 AM
Apr 2020

instead of overly cautious (a thin line these days). I didn't hear about the 3 week time frame but am not surprised. I did hear on cable news over a week ago that virus particles are in the air (from talking and breathing) in a closed room for many hours but they do not know how long they linger or what the chances are that you can get the virus from inhaling the air in the same room.

Ani Yun Wiya

(797 posts)
11. Almost hate to say it but.
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 05:47 AM
Apr 2020

I saw one article where someone was infectious and shedding for 49 days...
I will try to find the original article, though the source may have been Reuters.

here it is from the New York Post

https://nypost.com/2020/04/02/chinese-researchers-find-coronavirus-patient-contagious-for-49-days/

Edited for accuracy and source of information.

BigmanPigman

(51,593 posts)
13. That is the word I couldn't remember..."shedding".
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 05:57 AM
Apr 2020

"The rare case was the longest known duration of “viral shedding” in a patient. The previous record was 37 days."

"Researchers warned there could be other “chronically infected patients,” who were more likely to be neglected but could spread the infection in their surroundings and cause a new outbreak."

Thanks for the info...definitely saving that one for reference!

 

smirkymonkey

(63,221 posts)
14. I think this is the first time in my life that I have ever really been afraid of getting sick.
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 05:57 AM
Apr 2020

I had a horrible cold/cough during the month of December where I was coughing so hard I was throwing up. I still don't feel like I am fully recovered.

I just have minor upper and lower respiratory lingering symptoms, but I am afraid that if I caught something like this I would have a hard time fighting it off. I don't really have any other health problems other than thyroid issues, which are being treated with medication. I think it's mostly allergies/sinus problems - and Benedryl does a great job at relieving them, but it makes me sleepy.

I guess I will just have to continue to keep quarantined at home. Haven't left my apartment in 3 weeks except to go to the lobby to pick up groceries. I will not leave the house without a makeshift mask.

SunSeeker

(51,559 posts)
15. Me too, had a horrible cough all January. I've been sewing masks for me and my friends and family.
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 06:24 AM
Apr 2020

Finally put that sewing machine mom left me to good use. I don't really know how to sew, but I know how to thread the needle and turn it on. The masks aren't pretty but they do the job, kinda like a lot of us. LOL

I've been following these easy instructions::



And I applied the suggestion of this one to use a plastic-coated twist tie to make a nose clip: 


And here's one you can make in seconds without any sewing- just need two rubber bands and a hanky/bandana. https://www.facebook.com/groups/koronavirushrvatska/permalink/565572420981204/

Cotton cloth face masks really do protect us and others.  Here's a really interesting video by a couple of researchers who explain how the Czech Republic was able to get the virus under control using homemade masks: 


One of those researchers put out this video showing how to make a very effective mask out of a simple cotton t-shirt, all you need is a pair of scissors:

I highly recommend you watch the above video!



 

smirkymonkey

(63,221 posts)
16. It's great that you can do something so helpful and useful.
Thu Apr 9, 2020, 10:12 AM
Apr 2020

I couldn't sew anything if my life depended on it.

I haven't left the apartment for 3 weeks except to go to the lobby to pick up groceries, packages or mail, but if I do leave I will use one of my many scarves as protection/disease prevention gear.

Stay healthy, SunSeeker!

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