https://www.foi.se/rest-api/report/FOI-R--4065--SE
Preface
This report was produced within the framework of the Russia Studies
Programme (Russian Foreign, Defence and Security Policy, RUFS) at the
Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), which provides analyses for the
Swedish Ministry of Defence. It is also a continuation of a collaboration that was
initiated with the project National Security in the Information Society, which
aimed to explore the relationship between politics and information technology in
different countries and regions.
The report has benefited from the comments of Keir Giles, who acted as
opponent at a public seminar on December 15, 2014. Gudrun Persson, who
chaired the seminar, also offered a number of very useful remarks that
substantially improved the manuscript. A preliminary draft was also presented at
a discussion seminar on hybrid warfare arranged by the International Centre for
Defence and Security (ICDS) in Tallinn on November 24, 2014.
Table of contents
1 Introduction 9
1.1 A note on terminology .....................................................................10
2 Information warfare in Russian official documents 11
2.1 The national security strategy .........................................................11
2.2 The military doctrine ........................................................................12
2.3 The conceptual views......................................................................13
2.4 The concept for the security of society............................................15
2.5 The information security doctrine ....................................................16
2.6 Policy documents on international information security ..................17
2.7 The concept for a Russian cybersecurity strategy ..........................20
2.8 Summary .........................................................................................22
3 Information warfare in Russian military theory 23
3.1 Information warfare in general ........................................................23
3.2 Influence operations ........................................................................31
3.3 Electronic warfare............................................................................32
3.4 Cyberwarfare...................................................................................34
3.5 Information warfare in modern war .................................................38
3.6 Summary .........................................................................................42
4 Case studies and reflections 43
4.1 History education.............................................................................43
4.2 The campaign to discredit Carl Bildt ...............................................43
4.3 The illegal annexation of Crimea.....................................................44
4.4 The messages sent by military flights .............................................48
4.5 Internet control and censorship.......................................................49
5 Conclusions 51
6 References 54
7 Acronyms and abbreviations 60
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Redefining Hybrid Warfare: Russia’s Non-linear War against the West
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316637417_Redefining_Hybrid_Warfare_Russia's_Non-linear_War_against_the_West
Abstract
The term hybrid warfare fails to properly describe Russian operations in Ukraine and elsewhere. Russia has undertaken unconventional techniques to build its influence and test the boundaries of a shaken international system. Notably, Russia’s actions in Ukraine display an evolved style of warfare that goes beyond its initial label of hybrid warfare. The term non-linear war (NLW) will be defined in this article to encompass Russia’s actions and allow policymakers the correct framework to discuss and respond to Russia. NLW plays to the advantage of countries like Russia and constitute the future of warfare.
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Reflexive Control
The relevance of a 50-year-old Russian theory regarding perception control
https://www.militairespectator.nl/thema/strategie-operaties/artikel/reflexive-control
During the 1980s Tom Clancy gained fame writing techno-thrillers, situated in a fictional world, using contemporary Cold War-themes. His novels, amongst others, contributed to reviving attention to the concept of Maskirovka (Russian military deception). Especially in Red Storm Rising, the concept was extensively used within a political/strategic context. More than twenty years later, Maskirovka and other Soviet/Russian concepts are once again relevant - as the Russian Federation is applying them in various theatres - bordering NATO territory. This article will focus on a more refined version of Maskirovska, called Reflexive Control Theory (RCT). The aim of this article is to provide an insight into the concept of RCT, its application in the past, present and future and how it affects NATO and the Netherlands Armed Forces.
‘And the Maskirovka?’
‘In two parts. The first is purely political, to work against the United States. The second part,
immediately before the war begins, is from KGB. You know it, from KGB Group Nord. We
reviewed it two years ago.’
Tom Clancy, Red Storm Rising (1986) p. 18
First of all, the article explores the concept of Maskirovka as a broader foundation for the application of Reflexive Control (RC). Secondly, the concept of RC will be discussed and put into a historical context. This will be followed by a review of recent and ongoing applications of RC in eastern Ukraine and the Crimea. The article concludes with a description of how RC could be - and is already - being applied in the Baltics, with a focus on the implications for (Dutch) NATO ‘enhanced Forward Presence’ (eFP) units operating in the Baltics.
All original literature on RCT is written in Russian, a language which the author does not master. Therefore, the literature study has been conducted using Dutch and English publications. Timothy Thomas, an American analyst at the Foreign Military Studies Office, has published several extensive studies over the past decades. He based them on the original works of Vladimir Lefebvre and other Russian pioneers of RCT. Therefore, the works of Thomas have been used in this study as a replacement for the original Russian publications.
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