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because I during the time I lived there (1985-1999) my children were continuously enrolled in the public schools. During that period, Minneapolis was still operating under a voluntary desegregation policy that worked extremely well. Parents chose a "type" of school from among the following options: contemporary (your regular neighborhood school, with one teacher per class and desks in a row facing the blackboard); open (mixed grade levels with team teaching units); continuous progress (too complicated to explain to you, but this is the one we chose); Montessori; and Fundamentals (strict behavior and dress codes, emphasis on basic reading and math skills). Plus there were a few magnets: science and technology on the elementary level, and on the high-school level International Baccalaureate, etc.
This was very effective in segregating an otherwise fairly neighborhood-segregated city because (a) upper-middle class neighborhoods were given the most unpopular choices (fundamentals schools, say), while poorer neighborhoods got the more attractive choices (open, continuous progress), thus sending parents looking for choices into other neighborhoods across districts in the city. So, for instance, we chose to send our kids on a decent bus ride every day across town to attend the program we thought fit them best. There were many southeast Asian kids, African American kids, some Native American kids ... and white middle and upper-middle class kids. It was a dream, actually. We loved it.
Near the end of our time in Minneapolis (and my kids were at the end of junior high and high school), this system was changed, and neighborhood schools were reinstituted. I argued at the time that it would lead back to "separate but equal." Maybe charter schools have only fed into this. But the resegregation came right out of school board policy and the mainstream public school system. I regret it greatly, and think it was a huge mistake. But I do not believe charter schools are the main problem.
The rationale for returning to neighborhood (meaning mostly segregated) schools was that busy working parents couldn't become involved in the schools if their kids were a few miles away. This was, of course, ridiculous, since working parents very rarely work in the neighborhoods their kids attend school at anyway. It was the encroaching conservative ideology, imo.
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