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...unless we have a complete economic and societal meltdown. I mean, one that makes the Great Depression of the 1930s look like a mild recession.
The reason? Going to single-payer would essentially put current health insurance companies out of business. (I know, it's said that they could survive as providers of optional insurance for "deluxe" coverage, but that would be survival as much smaller companies than they are now.) And medical insurance, as an industry, is simply too big, in terms of GNP and employment, for that to happen. It would be like the government taking over the telecommunications industry, forcing all the phone, cellular, and cable companies out of business while doing so. In and of itself, such a step might cause another major recession/depression.
So I see the only way we could get to single-payer is if everything fell apart in this country to the point where UnitedHealth, Aetna, and the others were collapsing under their own weight, leaving the field empty and allowing the government to come in and build a new system from scratch. I would caution, though, that, even if that happened, you'd wind up paying more in taxes to make up for the lack of insurance premiums. How much? I have no idea, but I've read in a reliable source that the U.K.'s National Health costs approximately three thousand pounds per year for every taxpayer. (I don't know if, for families, that would be an additional 3,000 GBP for each child, or just for the parents. And, of course, that tax burden would be spread out progressively -- plus the British, like most in Europe, are more accepting of a higher tax bite in exchange for greater government services than we are here in the good ol' individualistic U.S. of A.)
But keep in mind that, even without single-payer, it is possible to design a good, reasonably-priced health care system. For example, the country where I used to live, Switzerland, has an individual-mandate plan without a public option...but they require that private insurers provide a basic health plan on a non-profit basis, and strictly regulate the rates private insurers can charge. Even if the Senate bill here were to become the law, such a system could be created relatively easily down the road -- since the bill still contains an OPM-run non-profit system (in which, it is expected, no companies will participate now that there's no public option trigger attached to it), before 2013, it could be possible to "solve" such non-participation by passing a law requiring all companies selling insurance on the exchange to also submit a plan to the OPM system on a non-profit basis.
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