Obviously the phrase "American exceptionalism" exists. I have seen it used by several different people at DU in response to threads which I have written which criticize some aspect of this country. It is a very weight
authoritative sounding term. (Note how similar exceptionalism is to existentialism) But, I have never been able to figure out what it actually
means. So, I decided to investigation.
I. Semantics ex⋅cep⋅tion⋅al
–adjective
1. forming an exception or rare instance; unusual; extraordinary: The warm weather was exceptional for January.
2. unusually excellent; superior: an exceptional violinist.
American exceptionalism. At first glance, this seems redundant, like saying “You are a unique individual.” Just as no two people are alike, each group of people is different. For instance, mountain peoples tend to have
exceptionally strong bones, to enable them to climb. People who evolved at far northern latitudes developed
exceptionally pale skin so that they could absorb more UV radiation and produce more Vitamin D to prevent rickets. This does not mean that sturdy bones or pale skin are better. The value of these adaptations is relative. A group of fishermen would find those heavy bones a burden when diving. If you live in Arizona, pale skin increases your chance of melanoma.
If questioned, many of us would agree “taller is better”. But, once you move into the era of space exploration, big stature means a big need for oxygen and other nutrients which take up valuable space within the limited confines of a space craft. For astronauts, “smaller is better”. Five feet seven inches is now the official optimum height according to NASA, which makes astronauts
exceptionally short in a country where the average man is five foot ten.
So, if exceptional means “unusual”, what does the phrase “American exceptionalism” mean? What is “usual” on our planet? Since “American” is widely used in the United States to refer to U.S. citizens (to the chagrin of other folks residing in other parts of the American continents), the term seems to imply that people in the United States are not the same as the majority of people on Earth. Is this true? I checked a list of populations by country. Sure enough, most people in the world are either Chinese or Indian. The two countries combined have eight times the number of people that we have. That means that people who eat rice as a staple with their meals out number those who eat bread. So, we are exceptional (or unusual) in our dependence upon wheat.
This may seem like a trivial difference. However, those who have studied anthropology and the effect which environmental and economic factors can have on a group will tell you that what people eat plays an important role in the development of their culture. A nomadic herder and a rice farmer will have very different social organizations. A fertile river valley gives rise to a civilization which differs from that which forms on top of a mountain.
America is unusual in another way. Very few countries around the globe have witnessed the near genocide of their native peoples and the introduction of immigrants from many different parts of the world. Canada and Australia are a lot like us in this respect. In most other countries, the citizens are the descendents of the same people who lived there two or three thousand years ago.
For our study of the semantics to be complete, we have to consider the second meaning of the word “exceptional”. “Unusually excellent, superior”. And here we seem to strike pay dirt. For while the phrase “American unusualness” is without meaning, “American superiority” is something we all understand. It has been pounded in our heads since grade school, when the teacher told us that the U.S. had never attacked another country first (a blatant lie).
Certainly there are plenty of people in this large, rich, powerful country who believe that (United States of) Americans are superior. The myth of American Superiority is very real. But is American Exceptionalism the same thing? Or is it a convenient fiction, like the phrase “Department of Defense” which glosses over the unpleasantness of having a Department of War? Or like “Compassionate Conservativism” which seeks to make a virtue of the failure to act in defense of the weak and needy.
II. Etymology You can learn a lot about words and phrases by studying their origins. Apparently, Alexis de Toqueville got the whole thing started by calling the circumstances that created the United States “exceptional”. We know that he was interested in the notion of democracy---a revolutionary idea for most of the world back in the early 19th century. So, we can assume that for him America was “exceptional” because it was a large country with a Constitutionally mandated representative government. I guess that made us pretty special 150 years ago, but not so much today, when India wears the title of “World’s Largest Democracy.”
More recently, Sarah Palin has embraced the phrase “American exceptionalism”.
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/opinion/24iht-edcohen.1.16446140.html?_r=1 Sarah Palin loves the word "exceptional." At a rally in Nevada the other day, the Republican vice-presidential candidate said, "We are an exceptional nation." Then she declared, "America is an exceptional country." In case anyone missed that, she added: "You are all exceptional Americans."
I have to hand it to Palin, she may be onto something in her batty way: The election is very much about American exceptionalism.
This is the idea, around since the Founding Fathers and elaborated on by Alexis de Tocqueville, that the United States is a nation unlike any other, with a special mission to build the "city upon a hill" that will serve as liberty's beacon for mankind.
But exceptionalism has taken an ugly twist of late. It's become the angry refuge of the America that wants to deny the real state of the world.
Huh? So, does that mean that by pointing out the faults of my country, I am denying reality, living in a fairy tale land?
From the conservative
Washington Times here is Monica Crowley chastising Barrack Obama for his perceived criticism of the phrase.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jul/01/american-exceptionalism/ He replied, "I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism, and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism."
Snip
President Obama's reference to British or Greek exceptionalism suggests a belief that the United States doesn't stand alone with a particular greatness but that every nation is great in its own way and America is simply one of many nations with something cool to offer.
This kind of multicultural, politically correct, "we're all unique in unique ways, every kid must win at dodgeball" thinking is the basis for his economic and foreign policies, from his schemes to nationalize the auto, banking, and health care industries to his lollygagging on behalf of those fighting for greater freedom in Iran.
It is the rationale for his Vesuvian explosion of big government and the much higher taxes required to finance it. It also explains Mr. Obama's irrepressible urge to apologize for past perceived American injustices and ill-conceived foreign "meddling." In Mr. Obama's kaleidoscopic left-wing view, no nation is better than any other, no country can tell another country not to have nuclear weapons, and we're all socialists now.
Let me see if I have this straight. Because Obama thinks that all countries think highly of themselves, he wants to socialize medicine in the U.S. This is like saying “Because the sky is blue, my dog likes hamburger.” The two statements may be true, but they have nothing to do with each other. Well, that was not much help---
Hold on a second. This is the
Washington Times we are talking about here. Would Obama really piss all over the American flag? I think not. He wore one on his lapel during the campaign.
I decided to look for his full response to the question.
PRESIDENT OBAMA: I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism. I’m enormously proud of my country and its role and history in the world. If you think about the site of this summit and what it means, I don’t think America should be embarrassed to see evidence of the sacrifices of our troops, the enormous amount of resources that were put into Europe postwar, and our leadership in crafting an Alliance that ultimately led to the unification of Europe. We should take great pride in that.
http://cedarlounge.wordpress.com/2009/04/28/obama-and-the-issue-of-american-exceptionalism/Obama goes on to wave that flag for three more paragraphs as if to say
I dare you to call me unpatriotic just because I do not believe in American supremacy . Wow. That is a whole lot of flag waving. Could it be that Obama really, secretly believes in American exceptionalism? Here is one writer from the left who says that he does.
In short, there is a lot about the American way of life in this respect that should be apologized for. Massive inequality, terrorism (both state sponsored on the American side and radical uprisings on the side of those the U.S. has created those conditions for), extensive human rights abuses (which I'll make note of an upcoming post), and even extensive environmental degradation (which I will also discuss in an upcoming post.)
Obama's grandiose declaration that there is nothing for the American's to apologize for (along with his plans for Iraq and Afghanistan, which will be my next topic) is a pretty clear declaration that while the Bush doctrine is no longer the leading ideology in Washington, Wilsonian idealism and American exceptionalism still hold exalted status as guiding ideologies.
http://resistancemonamour.blogspot.com/2009/03/obama-and-american-exceptionalism.htmlOh man! What a mess! The right wing criticizes Obama for disavowing the doctrine of American exceptionalism. The left wing accuses him of secretly believing---and acting out---that doctrine.
III. Context Being an English lit major, I know that context counts. You can change the meaning of a words or phrase completely depending upon how you use it. “Ladies” has a much different connotation than “bare naked ladies.”
My own experience with the phrase “American exceptionalism” has been limited to a handful of posters at DU who whip it out and wave it around while they complain that my posts about the United States are too negative and don’t I have something nice to say about my country? Surprisingly, they accuse
me of promoting a doctrine of “American exceptionalism.” Do they live in Bizarro World, where criticism is praise? Or, is this some right wing word game, like calling feminists “fascists” and Nazi’s “socialists”? Are those who object to criticism of the U.S. members of the “American superiority” league who know that their ideology will not be welcome at DU, and therefore they seek to muddy the waters by proclaiming that only an American Supremacist would attack the U.S.? Or is this just more political propaganda, like the doublespeak of
1984. Big Brother can be trusted with his power because he is your
brother . And I can be trusted to complain that all attacks against the U.S. are unwarranted, because I object to the idea that the United States is superior.
Roland Barthes could make sense of this mess, if he was still alive.
“Men do not have with myth a relationship based on truth but on use: they depoliticize according to their needs.”