The Origins, Financing, and Impact of the Neoconservatives
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The first two paragraphs of William Grieder's "Rolling Back the 20th Century", (in The Nation, May 12, 2003) disclosing what every left-leaning follower of political events in the US knows intuitively, project that, as currently lead by President George W. Bush's handlers, in the wake of the Post-Iraq war, the GOP's rightwing has a definite grip on the immediate future of American politics. As dark as this outlook may seem to the left, it should not come as a surprise. The roots of this situation trace back almost a quarter of a century, paralleling the emergence of what is called the neoconservative movement. According to Grieder,
George W. Bush, properly understood, represents the third and most powerful wave in the right's long-running assault on the governing order created by twentieth-century liberalism. The first wave was Ronald Reagan, whose election in 1980 allowed movement conservatives finally to attain governing power (their flame was first lit by Barry Goldwater back in 1964). Reagan unfurled many bold ideological banners for right-wing reform and established the political viability of enacting regressive tax cuts, but he accomplished very little reordering of government, much less shrinking of it. The second wave was Newt Gingrich, whose capture of the House majority in 1994 gave Republicans control of Congress for the first time in two generations. Despite some landmark victories like welfare reform, Gingrich flamed out quickly, a zealous revolutionary ineffective as legislative leader.
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In the JSTOR database, i.e., fulltext scholarly journals,
the first use of neoconservative traces back to 1932, in a history of philosophy study, authored by a German. (In the context, 'neoconservative' emerges as a translation of a concept orginally in German, so the coinage may have occurred as part of the translation. By the 1950s, the term was frequently used, especially in the sense of a revival of conservative thought. Take the article, "Democracy, the New Conservatism, and the Liberal Tradition in America", by Stuart Gerry Brown, Ethics, Volume 66, Issue 1, Part 1 (Oct., 1955), 1-9. In 1955, according to Brown,
if any sense can be made out of the intellectual confusion which has characterized America in the decade since the end of the Second World War, it would seem to be a gradually concerted movement backward -- a revival of conservatism, even at times of reaction. Liberalism has been pronounced officially dead, though most politicians seem still to feel a need to profess it' The fear of international Communist aggression has led to an obsession with security and a growing constriction of thought and action. There is a call for religious revival to provide aid and comfort in a world of anxiety and tension.' Political thinkers who, twenty years ago, might have been speaking their pieces as bits in the liberal ferment of the New Deal, are turning nowadays to the prescriptions of Burke -- and remaining largely aloof from the world of affairs. They urge upon us the ideas of eccentrics from the American tradition like Calhoun and John Randolph of Roanoke; they teach us to prefer Adams to Jefferson; they defend the Sedition Act; and they as sure us that the American Revolution was in fact no revolution at all. The talk is of conservatism and of distrust in equality and democracy.
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Representative books of the 1950s conservative revival are
Peter Viereck, Conservatism Revisited (1950); Russell Kirk, Randolph of Roanoke (1951), The Conservative Mind (1953), and A Program for Conservatives (1954); John H. Hallowell, The Moral Foundation of Democracy (1954); and Clinton Rossiter, Conservatism in America (1955). Other books which serve the neoconservative movement by revising Revolutionary and Constitutional history are W. W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the United States (1953); Clinton Rossiter, Seedtime of the Republic (1953); B. C. Rodick, American Constitutional Custom (1953); Daniel Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (1954); and Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (1955) (Mr. Hartz uses "liberal" in the nineteenth-century sense). The thesis that an American revolution did in fact take place, bringing with it fundamental social and libertarian reforms, is maintained by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., in The Age of Jackson (1945) and The Vital Center (1949); Dumas Malone in Jefferson and the Rights of Man (1951); Irving Brant's volumes on the life of Madison, especially James Madison, Father of the Constitution (1950); and Stuart Gerry Brown in The First Republicans (1954). It's curious that books by Leo Strauss are not included in this list.
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http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/courses/ed253a/neo-conservative_families.htmlIn the United States and Britain, neo-conservative think tanks have been phenomenally successful since rising to prominence in the 1970s. Margaret Thatcher was co-founder of Britain's Centre for Policy Studies before becoming party leader, and her government's manifesto was written by her think tank. It advocated the busting of union power, free trade, restructuring the tax system to favour families and a raft of what were once neo-conservative fetishes now considered mainstream.
The capture of the White House by the Republicans in 1980 ushered in the first-wave neo-conservative revolution in the US. Ronald Reagan's favourite think tank was the hawkish Institute for Contemporary Studies, from where he drew Edwin Meese as attorney-general and Caspar Weinberger as defence secretary. A former chairman is the Defence Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld.
If there was a global godfather of this neo-conservative movement, it would be Friedrich von Hayek. The Austrian economist and social theorist was a rival of British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynes' interventionist ideas came to dominate policy after World War II, while Hayek's drifted into the back rooms of history.
But he didn't give up: in 1947, he set up the Mont Pelerin Society, a secretive group that met annually to map out a neo-conservative counterattack against the growing socialist character of postwar economies. It played midwife to scores of neo-conservative think tanks, among them the Heritage Foundation (1973) and the Cato Institute (1977) in the US and Australia's CIS (1975).
The society and its progeny have been enormously influential: of the 76 advisers in Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign, 22 were members. And its members include Nobel laureate Milton Friedman (a former president), Czech Prime Minister Vaclav Klaus and former New Zealand finance minister Ruth Richardson. Greg Lindsay, the executive director of the CIS in Sydney, is a former vice-president. Neo-conservative think tanks now dominate the political debate in much of the West.In Australia, as elsewhere, they ply their trade by publishing "independent research" from a network of like-minded scholars whose reports invariably end up backing the neo-conservative world view. Staff and friendly scholars are paid to write newspaper articles which are submitted - usually free - to opinion pages.
By publishing reports that confirm their arguments, neo-conservative think tanks seek to mould public debate. But they also peddle influence, holding closed seminars and lectures where visiting international conservative luminaries address selected rising members of the political elite - such as last week's CIS gathering on the Sunshine Coast. Von Hayek would have been pleased. He died in 1992, but not before Thatcher rewarded him with a visit to Buckingham Palace, where he was bestowed with a Companion of Honour - a tribute to the most successful, if unheralded, political puppet-master of the past century.
Wilson da Silva is a Sydney journalist who has extensively researched think tanks in Australia.
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/12/1060588392062.html