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i am going to TRY to make this brief, because i don't have the time to write a full primer on constitutional law... with that in mind...
the stop was lawful under the case law for Terry v. Ohio, which in brief formally established the authority to stop and detain based on REASONABLE suspicion (note that this is a MUCH Lower standard of evidence than probable cause) that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed.
all sorts of factors can support the reasonableness of a terry stop, to wit - time of day or night, proximity to a high crime area, recent criminal activity involving similar MO, similarity to any outstanding subjects, etc etc. etc.
clearly, carrying a guitar and amp on a deserted street at 0300 hrs justified a reasonable SUSPICION (much lower standard than probable cause) that i might have stolen the items, or be in possession of stolen property, etc.
that justifies a terry stop
whether or not the guitar or amp belonged to me was NOT KNOWN TO THE OFFICER WHO STOPPED ME. the issue is "objective reasonableness" (to use the language of the case law) and is based on what a "reasonable and prudent officer, based on his training AND experience would suspect" based on the facts and circumstances as presented to him. it is NOT whether or not criminal activity is ACTUALLY afoot. it is based on the totality of circumstances KNOWN to the officer, reasonably filtered through his training and experience.
for example, i have testified as an expert witness on drugs, couriers, etc. thus, facts and circumstances regarding suspicious activity that would not trigger a terry stop for some officers WILL trigger it for me based on my training and experience.
it is 100% irrelevant as to the reasonableness of the STOP as to whether i was committed had committed or was going to commit a crime. what is relevant is only the facts/circs known to theofficer when he SAW me walking down the street.
a terry stop justifies a detention (iow, one is not free to leave) for a brief (no bright line as to time) period of time in order to investigate further. cops may detain, and in some circumstances may also frisk (note that a frisk does not require probable cause. a search does. frisks require so called frisk factors only justified by reasonable suspicion)
that is what was done with me, and it was entirely justified
reasonable investigative steps pursuant to a terry would be to demand my name, record the serial #'s of the guitar/amp (and run them through NCIC for stolen checks) and to question me about the property
if PC develops, cops can make an arrest. if not, they must release me after a 'reasonable' period of time or else risk the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine when a terry stop turns into a "constructive arrest" due to time extension
i don't have to "prove" the amp is mine. but by offering a reasonable explanation i allayed the resasonable suspicion and i was released. they had my name and the serial #, so if they DID turn out to be stolen, then they would have the relevant information. i also knew somebody who recently had an amplifier stolen. theft of band equipment was/is a common crime on college campuses.
no, i was not a cop at that time. i was a college student
this is bread and butter police work and happens all the time in all jurisdictions
i have testified at NUMEROUS hearings, including suppression hearings, so i am very aware of the envoelope wherein a terry stop is justified or not
the below is clearly wrong
"As soon as an law enforcement employee approaches you and issues a verbal command, that technically begins the arrest(detention) and the second level of force continuum has been activated(first level is wearing the uniform, the final level is deadly force"
it is a detention consistent with TERRY v. ohio. it is not a formal arrest necessitating PC, but only reasonable suspicion.
semantics aside, technically speaking any detention is an 'arrest' in that ones freedom to leave is "arrested' but this does not require probable cause. this is what is referred to as a terry stop . it is an investigative detention requiring ONLY reasonable suspicions.
you need to actually research constitutional law
all your rhetoric aside, this is NOTHING like 'nazi germany" so spare me the rhetoric
back to the original point. as somebody who has been on BOTH sides of the law (subject OF terry stops and traffic stops AND an officer) you are 100% wrong.
it is entirely dumb to tell people to never answer police questions and just clam up
i will defer back to my original post for the reasons why
and like i said, i have seen NUMEROUS instances where somebody TALKING to me has talked them OUT of handcuffs, out of going to jail, etc. because i (like any good stop) base my decision to arrest/detain out of deference to 'totality of the circumstances"
classic example. i once saw somebody walking down the street, DRENCHED in blood
this would justify police action under both terry v. ohio AND the "community caretaking function".
i should also note that even in a custody situation (whcih this wasn't) there are exception to miranda requirements when exigency attaches (somebody just dumped a gun, or there is a bleeding victim nearby as case law points out endlessly).
anyways, it turned out that this guy had just slaughtered a deer in his back yard
he hadn't killed anybody, nor was the blood his own
a stop was CERTAINLY justified, and his commonsense explanation cleared him from any further suspcions. btw, the deer was a beautiful buck he had hanging in his backyard, but i digress
terry v. ohio is VERY basic constitutional law. i have made EASILY hundreds of terry stops (not to mention traffic stops, arrests, and "social contacts). and my analysis stands
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