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I've worked for one of the most prominent individual/small group insurance companies for about 4 years. I don't work in underwriting, but I work close enough I understand the basics of what they do. Once underwriting gets the application they can do a number of things:
1. Approve- no existing medical problems, good health...they will approve the application as is.
2. Rider/rate up- they will increase the premium rate for the base health policy, the additional benefits, or both. Typically this is done for minor health problems, health problems that were fixed without it showing up again after a very long time, weight problems, smoking, and even some extreme height (both too short or too tall). Obesity is the worst of all of these. I've seen extreme obesity cause the base rate to be increased 300%.
3. Partial exclusions- certain activities and health problems will be only partially covered by the insurance. For example, if you suffer from a particular health problem, they might only cover 50% of the costs of treating it.
3. Exclusions- If you have a history of certain health problems, preexisting health conditions, or you engage in really "extreme" activities they will not cover any health problems that arise from these situations. For example, if you skydive, they won't cover anything that happens as a result of a skydiving accident. Or if you have had cancer in the past, they won't cover any sort of cancer treatment in the future.
4. Decline- they decline the entire policy and refund the money paid to you.
The underwriting policy is rigged so that no matter how many claims you make against your policy, they will always make a profit. Which of the above options they take has to do with your medical history, physical health, and the state you live in, since each state has different rules that the insurance company will rate against to generate profit. Washington, for example, has some of the most expensive individual insurance because the state requires insurance companies to accept almost all preexisting conditions without exclusions or riders.
The most important advise I can offer anybody who is applying for individual insurance is to be very careful with the agent and anything you get from the insurance company. Check all of the receipts and worksheets the agent uses to calculate your premium to make sure the agent has correctly marked what is on the application and ONLY what is on the application. Agents have a history of adding benefits and ancillary products on the worksheets and receipts that you didn't select, and once you pay for it or sign off on the receipt, the insurance company will likely process those additional items even though you didn't directly know you were getting them. When you get the policy text from the insurance company, make sure you only have coverage for what you selected on the application, and do it as soon as you get it in the mail. You only have so many days (depending on the company) to review and protest anything that is in there, and after that period it is assumed you accept what you have and that is what you will be charged. And the courts accept that.
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