As I was about to say in my last paragraph before I had to shut down my computer, Statistics prior to 1930 are just not reliable enough to use for comparison purposes. For example many of the Lynchings that occurred in the American South just were NOT reported, I do not mean not reported as Homicides, but not reported AT ALL. I believe it was the NAACP who started to keep a log of the Lynchings because no one else was keeping a count on them.
This failure to count Lynchings as homicides would affect Homicides counts (and rates) till the 1930s when Lynchings started to decline (But persisted for decades). Please note the reports as to the Number of Lynchings were generally based on Newspaper accounts NOT police records. I do believe Lynchings were reported as Homicides in the 1930s but only where Police existed:
Lynchings by Year:
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingyear.htm1Some Famous lynchings:
http://www.americanlynching.com/infamous-old.html#1859The Tulsa Riots (Also would not be counted for in the opinion of the City of Tulsa it never occurred):
http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/raceriots/Another source of Error is the existence of Police. Prior to 1903 (When Pennsylvania formed its State Police) NO STATE HAD A STATE POLICE FORCE as we would use that term today. It took till 1919 for FOUR states to have some sort of centralized police formation. Without such organizations it was hard to gather up the data.
If a local area had a police force it would keep that data for its own use, but no one at the state or Federal Level existed to gather such local data let alone enter the data into some sort of data base. In areas WITHOUT police, you would have to contact the part-time District Attorney and/or part time Sheriff for such data, but both had other priorities (i.e. earning a living, neither job paid that much in areas without a local police force).
With the establishment of State Police Forces, the local police had a place to send their crime data AND the areas without a local police had a force that they could at least report the crime to. This is all the product of the 1930s and as such the data prior to the 1930s has to be looked at with some suspicions.
See for history of the Pennsylvania State police:
http://www.psp-hemc.org/history.htmFor more on Governor Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker (1843-1916) See:
http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DAM/governors/pennypacker.asp?secid=31History of the West Virginia State Police the Fourth State Police Formed in 1919 (Counting Texas as the First and Pennsylvania as the Second):
http://www.wvstatepolice.com/history/wvsphist.htmlDelaware did not have a State Police Force till 1920 and than it was a one man force:
http://www.state.de.us/dsp/museum/DSP%20History.htmOfficial Texas Ranger’s Cite (They claim 1835, but admit they have been reorganized over the years and evolved from a Frontier Military Force (1835-1865), as an occupational force (as the Texas State Police 1866-1875), again as a Frontier Military Force 1875-1901, as a police force (But no uniforms) 1901-1935, and as a Modern Uniformed Police Force (1935-present):
http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/texas_rangers/#Historical%20Developmenthttp://www.texasrangers.org/http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/TT/met4.htmlHere is a Cite with links to official state police sites:
http://www.statetroopersdirectory.com/Text only version:
http://www.statetroopersdirectory.com/index2.htmlWisconsin Did not have a State Police force till 1939:
http://www.dot.state.wi.us/statepatrol/about/history.htmState of Washington State Police formed in 1921:
http://www.wsp.wa.gov/about/about.htmVermont had a “Highway Patrol” in 1920s, but it did not form its State Police till 1947:
http://www.dps.state.vt.us/vtsp/history.htm