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Edited on Fri Dec-26-03 02:47 PM by Lisa
I remember that he talked quite a bit about it in interviews at the time (late 1970s). And Tolkien's intention with the Middle Earth sagas was to draw attention to Northern European mythology -- he used a lot of the themes from it (dwarves, magic rings, etc. are quite visible in the Germanic myths highlighted by Wagner, for example). Tolkien stated that he was repulsed by the Nazi attempt to hijack Germanic mythology as propaganda, and his instinct was to reclaim it as a source of moral inspiration.
So no wonder that there is a lot of overlap. I don't think Lucas meant to copy the trilogy in particular ... but since he and Tolkien were working along similar directions, like many other fantasy storytellers, the same situations would tend to arise.
Authors prior to Tolkien tried to write heroic fantasy, but I think one reason why he remains so popular today is that he managed to rework the stories for the 20th century. As a veteran of WWI, it's understandable that he made ordinary people (the hobbits) the real protagonists, because those were the ones who showed the most heroism to him. (The Romantic writers of the 19th century would likely have put the focus on Aragorn and the other nobles.)
As you say, "the little guys" emerge as the heroes, and as the century progressed, the civil rights and peace movements emphasized this. The twist at the end which resonates with a lot of people ***(don't read this if you haven't seen/read the story and want to save it for later!)***
is that it's not physical strength or moral courage that saves the world, in the end -- which would have been the standard ending for most mythological stories.
Frodo actually fails. He doesn't throw the Ring into the fire. The quest only succeeds because of PITY -- he didn't kill Gollum when he had the chance (and ample reason to). Gandalf said as much, in the first book, when he reprimands Frodo for wishing that Bilbo had killed Gollum earlier.
And my dad pointed out to me recently that Sam also decided to spare Gollum ... as did Aragorn (even though, I seem to recall, Gollum gave him a painful bite!).
So an apparently-weak and softhearted decision saves the world. I think Tolkien was trying to warn us ... he saw the way things were headed (e.g. innocent civilians being bombed because "Hitler is an evil dictator and must be punished"). Today we are being urged to withhold mercy from wrongdoers and deal out vengeance ... one can't even question US foreign policy without being accused of betraying the dead of 9/11.
Not to say Tolkien was some kind of psychic, but he figured out that eventually the West would end up fighting the type of war that can't be won by military force -- only by social justice, and the type of actions that would seem totally naive and foolish to the standard "eye-for-an-eye" perspective.
p.s. judging by the commentary on DU over the past 3 years, the trilogy has taken on a deep significance in terms of inspiring people to make the world a better place. I'd say Tolkien succeeded in writing a story that would serve as a modern-day myth.
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