Cruel and Usual Punishment
A trio of perspectives shapes "Spare the Child," Philip Greven's study of the physical punishment of children in America: the detachment of the scholarly researcher, the clinical expertise of the therapist and the indignation of the moral crusader. The result is at once a carefully drawn history of such punishment, a contentious analysis of its psychological effects and, above all, a zealous plea for its abolition.
Writing as a historian of ideas, Mr. Greven, the author of "The Protestant Temperament," traces the justifications for corporal discipline invoked by fundamentalist, evangelical and Pentecostal Protestants. The main source of sanction is, of course, the Bible. Many Old Testament texts present the harsh chastisements of Jehovah as models for parental correction of children. So far as a rationale can be found in the New Testament -- the Jesus of the Gospels, Mr. Greven points out, never urges punishment for children -- it comes mostly from assurances of the reality of hell. The key text is Proverbs 23:14 -- "Thou shalt beat him with the rod, / And shalt deliver his soul from hell." The certainty that wickedness will be punished in the hereafter makes the infliction of pain in the present an act of love, sparing the child eternal torment.
This reasoning prevails in the contemporary fundamentalist child-rearing manuals that Mr. Greven, a history professor at Rutgers University, examines, such as "Dare to Discipline" and "God, the Rod, and Your Child's Bod," which offer detailed advice on the discipline ritual, recommending what instruments to use and where to position children when hitting them. Mr. Greven identifies milder forms of the same thinking in mainstream Protestantism too. They appear in the writings of influential Christian "moderates," from John Locke's "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" (1690) through the many editions of Dr. Benjamin Spock's "Baby and Child Care." Ambivalently, the Christian moderates firmly discourage physical punishment of children, yet allow for it in cases where no amount of gentle persuasion has worked. Such reasoning reaches even into the courts. In Ingraham v. Wright (1977), the Supreme Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment, prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment, does not apply to the paddling of children in school.
Writing as a clinician, Mr. Greven also describes and explains the psychological effects of such punishment. By his account, the severity of damage ranges from apathy to obsessiveness, paranoia and extreme dissociation. He concludes that fear of the rod does not make children obedient and law-abiding, as its religious proponents maintain, but can incite them to delinquency, criminality and domestic violence. Its consequences are therefore felt throughout the secular culture as well. In fact, Mr. Greven links physical punishment of children to specific kinds of political behavior: authoritarianism; "the persistent 'conservatism' of American politics"; the passive acceptance, even the welcoming, of the annihilation of the planet as a wrathful Father's ultimate scourging of his wayward children.
As this skeletal summary suggests, Mr. Greven sees righteous corporal discipline as a radix malorum, a root of all evil that entwines itself in consciousness, deforming every aspect of personality and society. His zeal to eliminate it produces some of the most affecting parts of the book. "Spare the Child" is punctuated by one jolting account after another of some assault on the head, hands, buttocks, stomach or feet of a child by a stick, belt, shoe, switch or razor strap. The author draws harrowing but unsensationalized sketches of many of those who have beaten or been beaten in the name of obedience to the will of God, among them Susanna Wesley (who regularly used the rod on her sons John and Charles, the future founders of the Methodist Church), Edmund Gosse, the Rev. Billy Graham (who, while being flailed by his father with a leather belt, kicked back and broke two of his tormentor's ribs) and Ingmar Bergman, whose autobiographical film "Fanny and Alexander" Mr. Greven analyzes brilliantly.
remainder here:
http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/17/books/cruel-and-usual-punishment.html?pagewanted=1