Pipedreams

[Dover]

Chronological List of Pipeline Stories


Nabucco Pipeline Highly Unlikely - Metropol
The agreement between Gazprom (GAZP.RS) and Turkmenistan to construct the Pri-Caspian gas pipeline, with a 30 billion cubic meter throughput a year, makes realization of the EU-backed Nabucco pipeline unlikely, says Metropol. 'The construction of this pipeline means that all Turkmen gas exported to EU will pass through Gazprom's income statement. The agreement implies that realization of the Nabucco pipeline seems highly unlikely,' says Alexei Kokin...cont'd

http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z1530027270&z=950240583

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Analysis: Turkmenistan and Gazprom

July 31, 2008

Eurocrats perturbed by Gazprom's growing dominance of Europe's natural gas market and its hardball capitalist tactics, take heart -- several days ago Gazprom's mighty CEO Alexei Miller was humbled by Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. In tough negotiations Berdimuhamedov forced Miller to agree to pay "market rates" for future long-term deliveries of Turkmen gas, according to a brief Gazprom news release.
Only seven months ago Gazprom was paying Turkmenistan $130 per 1,000 cubic meters. Miller subsequently stated that deliveries to Eastern and Central Europe could rise as high as $400 to $500 per tcm by the end of the year. Only seven months ago Gazprom was paying Turkmenistan $130 per tcm.

How was Berdimuhamedov able to pull off his capitalist coup? The answer is simple: competition, most notably by waving competing Chinese and American interests in Miller's face. While the United States has been marginalized in Turkmenistan for a number of reasons, China has not. Since the 1991 implosion of communism, Berdimuhamedov's predecessor, "President for life" Saparmurat "Turkmenbashi" Niyazov, chafed as Gazprom paid a fraction of world market prices for Turkmen gas. Niyazov was stymied in that the former Soviet pipeline network monopoly was his sole access to the global market. When Niyazov died in December 2006, Berdimuhamedov was immediately courted by flocks of foreign energy companies eager to exploit the Caspian's last great frontier, and he decided to play some hardball with Gazprom himself.

The prize is not insubstantial: Turkmenistan's government estimates its onshore hydrocarbon reserves to be 21 billion tons of oil and an astounding 25 trillion cubic meters of natural gas; its Caspian offshore reserves are estimated to be 12 billion tons of oil and 5 trillion cubic meters of gas.

cont'd

http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Analysis_Turkmenistan_and_Gazprom_999.html


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Turkey, Russia Energy Links Thaw

Thursday, 24th July 2008 - 00:00CET

Energy - Turkey-Russia energy links thaw
Reuters

Turkey wants to boost cooperation with its top gas supplier Russia, ending a frosty period marked by differences over the Nabucco pipeline to Europe, an official and analysts said.

Turkey gets most of its gas - 68 per cent of 2008 demand of 38 billion cubic metres (bcm) - from Russia's Gazprom under three long-term deals.

Nato member Turkey and Russia had a decade-long lull in economic relations after Ankara blamed Moscow for selling gas to Ankara at more expensive rates than to other buyers.

They were also at loggerheads after Turkey backed four European countries on the €7.9-billion Nabucco pipeline project planned to carry gas from the Caspian and Iran to Europe from 2013 to lessen Europe's dependence on Russia.

But a senior Turkish energy ministry source said the two countries were now talking again.

"A path has now been opened to doing business on several critical projects," the source, who asked for anonymity, told Reuters.

Russia had said any pipeline project without its gas was doomed to fail and challenged Nabucco by broaching the South Stream project, which plans a pipeline to Bulgaria and Italy from Russia via the Black Sea. The source said the two countries agreed during Gazprom's deputy CEO Alexander Medvedev's visit to Ankara last week to set up a joint company to run Turkey's urban gas grids...cont'd

http://www.timesofmalta.com/business/view/20080724/general/energy-turkey-russia-energy-links-thaw

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Turkey and Russia renew gas negotiations
July 24, 2008

Turkey wishes to strengthen cooperation with the largest supplier of gas, Russia, and to put an end to the period of the uneasy mutual relations saddened by disagreements concerning gas pipeline Nabucco, reports Reuters referring to Turkish sources.
Russia in the past declared, that any pipeline project is doomed to failure without its gas and has initiated gas pipeline buildings "the Southern stream" which should pass from the Russian Federation to Bulgaria and Italy through Black sea and it is considered competitor Nabucco

The source has informed, that during visit of the vice-president of board of Gazprom of Alexander Medvedev to Ankara last week Russia and Turkey have agreed to create joint venture which will operate urban gazoraspredelitelnyimi networks of Turkey. Besides, they have agreed about building of underground storehouse of gas in the central part of Turkey and carried on negotiations on resumption of the gas contract expiring in 2011.

//snip//

Gazprom offer also includes extension of gas pipeline Blue Stream to Israel. Pipeline Blue Stream in length of 1.200 kilometres is laid through Black sea from Russia to Ankara, its designed capacity makes 16 billion cubic metre of gas a year.

The source in a Department of Energy has informed, that besides extension of pipeline Blue Stream to Israel Gazprom also will consider possibility of that its petroleum division Gazpromneft delivered petroleum for the pipeline Samsun-Dzhejhan between Black and Mediterranean by the seas which project have offered Turkish Calik and Italian Eni...cont'd

http://fin-forex.com/turkey-and-russia-renew-gas-negotiations/


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Federal AntiMonopoly Service ready to start talks with Gazprom on equal access to pipes

July 21, 2008 - Russia Today - The Federal Antimonopoly Service says it's ready to start negotiating with Gazprom on giving independent gas companies equal access to pipelines. The announcement comes after prime minister Vladimir Putin urged the FAS to resolve the access problem. FAS head Igor Artyemyev told Business Today he's ready for a "serious dispute" adding, The papers are ready, the problem is to understand what is acceptable and what is not for Gazprom and why, because we need to provide equal access to gas pipelines, while Gazprom says it will never agree to this principle, and the prime minister says - no, you will agree as it's in the national interests to settle the issue. So apparently first there'll be a serious dispute between our service and Gazprom, then the issue will move to the level of deputy prime minister Igor Sechin, and at his suggestion it will be considered by the government.

http://russogasoil.blogspot.com

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Tuesday, July 22, 2008

TEHRAN (PIN) - The recent cooperation agreement signed between Russia"s Gazprom and Iran is causing Israel concern as it could prevent deals between Israel and the gas giant, Israel energy industry sources said July 16.

Under Israel law, local companies are barred from having business contacts with companies or institutions with substantial interests with Iran or Iranian companies.

On July 13, Gazprom signed a general cooperation agreement to set up a joint energy company to explore investment opportunities in Iran.

Iran and Gazprom agreed to cooperate in exploration and development of oil and gas fields in Iran, Russia and other countries as well as to jointly build transportation and processing facilities in the Middle Eastern country.

Under the agreement signed in Tehran, Gazprom also is expected to cooperate with Iran for the development of the giant North Azadegan oil field, as well as in a proposed $7bn pipeline project to ship Iranian gas to Pakistan and India, the so-called IPI project.

Last month, National Infrastructure Minister Benjamin Ben-Eliezer held talks in Moscow with Gazprom officials including CEO Alexei Miller...cont'd

http://www.shana.ir/132493-en.html


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Gazprom to fill Iran’s investment vacuum
July 21, 2008

Gazprom goes where no company has gone before... Well, notreally. But the Russian gas monopoly has signed a memorandumon cooperation in oil and gas production and transportationwith the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), whichmany companies in the world refuse to work with. Gazpromwill thus have the chance to strengthen its position in Iran,which has the world’s second largest gas reserves after – youguessed it – Russia.“Historically, they (Russians) have had much better relationswith that part of the world than the US and the West so it couldbe a natural vacuum that Russia could be looking to fill businesswise,” Ron Smith, chief strategist at Moscow’s AlfaBank, told New Europe, following media reports that Totalplanned to quit Iran.The French energy giant did not say outright that it was abandoningIran’s South Pars gas condensate field, but indicatedthat it was suspending investment. South Pars is one of thebiggest gas fields in the world, which is expected to producemore than 750 million cubic metres of natural gas a day whencompleted by 2014.

“We were associated for South Pars (Phase)11 in the upstream phase with Petronas, a Malaysian company,and in the downstream phase with Petronas and the NationalIranian Oil Company,” Total spokeswoman Lisa Wyler toldNew Europe. “Iran remains a key country for Total’s strategy, butright now it would be really too risky to invest there. We still thinkthat National Iranian Oil Company is a long-term partnership andwe hope that political relations will get better so that we can investonce they do, but right now it’s not possible,” she said, which ismusic to Washington’s ears.However, Gazprom has no problem increasing its investmentin the Iranian oil and gas sector right now...cont'd


http://www.neurope.eu/articles/88908.php


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Gazprom Shifts Position On

Saturday, July 19, 2008


The vice president of Russian gas and oil giant Gazprom said he had not ruled out the possibility of cooperating with Turkey on the Samsun-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which Russia has long opposed, following a meeting with Energy Minister Hilmi Güler late Thursday. Aleksei Medvedev also said the Russia-led Southstream project did not conflict with the European Union's Nabucco pipeline because Europe needs both pipelines

Evaluating Russia and Turkey's mutual energy projects, Güler said Gazprom's subsidiary company, Gazpromneft, is interested in supplying oil to the Samsun-Ceyhan oil pipeline. He also announced that Russia favors renewing the natural gas agreement with Turkey while negotiations on the main principles still continue. The agreement on the transfer of natural gas between Russia and Turkey through the western pipeline expires in 2011.

He noted that it is still not clear whether the state-run Turkish pipeline company, BOTAŞ, or the private sector will import natural gas from energy-rich Russia...cont'd


http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=110221

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Gazprom Keeps the Heat on Europe by Pressing Libya
Posted by Matt in July 13th, 2008

This is example of Russian energy mercantilism. Russia locks up energy resources from other countries and takes it off the world market. Russia gains power at the expense of other countries.

OAO Gazprom, Russia’s state- sponsored gas monopoly, is offering to buy all of Libya’s oil and gas exports in a bid to increase its dominance over Europe’s gas market and enhance Russia’s political clout throughout the region.

Alexei Miller, Gazprom’s chief executive, made the offer on July 9th at a meeting with Libya’s head of state, Muammer Gaddafi.

Read More…

http://www.1913intel.com/2008/07/13/gazprom-keeps-the-heat-on-europe-by-pressing-libya/

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Russian Oil/Gas Website
http://russogasoil.blogspot.com/

Turkey, Israel committed to giant energy project

Monday, July 14, 2008

Turkey and Israel are concluding talks to commit to undertake a thorough feasibility study on a new pipeline system this week. The project aims to transport oil, natural gas, water and electricity from southern Turkey to southern Israel

http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=109722

On The Pipeline Politics:

http://mvdg.wordpress.com/2007/11/13/pipeline-politics-israel/

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Israel proposes crude pipeline from Georgia to Eastern Asia

Israel may be on its way to becoming a crude oil transport bridge to the Far East. The Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline Company (EAPC) is leading an international initiative to channel crude oil from Jihan in southeast Turkey to eastern Asia, using its infrastructure in Israel. A consortium of energy firms and international shipping companies will manage the initiative, and a memorandum of understanding is expected to be signed within three months.

The oil would be pumped in Georgia and Azerbaijan, and be brought to Turkey by pipeline. From Turkey it will be shipped by tanker to Ashkelon, whence it would be transported by pipeline to Eilat. In Eilat, the oil will be loaded onto a new set of tankers for transportation to eastern Asia.

The Ashkelon-Eilat Pipeline Company is a privately owned firm, owned jointly by Israel and the government of Iran. Tehran is currently not an active partner, and it and Israel are involved in international arbitration (Israel refuses to pay the Iran a compensation for its EAPC’s shares and other debts which are estimated to be around US$ 5 billion) ..cont'd

http://www.labournet.net/world/0801/pipeline1.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat-Ashkelon_Pipeline

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Egypt, Israel: A New Pipeline and Institutionalizing Camp David

Map - http://www.stratfor.com/mmf/115751


With the May 1 opening of an undersea natural gas pipeline linking Egypt and Israel, Cairo has effectively become Israel’s only direct regular energy supplier. Economics aside, the pipeline has a strong geopolitical underpinning.

Egypt officially started natural gas shipments to Israel on May 1, according to state-owned Israel Electric Corp. This natural gas pipeline effectively makes Egypt the only direct regular energy supplier to Israel.

The new underwater pipeline runs 63 miles from the Egyptian city of El Arish on the northern Mediterranean coast to the Israeli port of Ashkelon. By going underwater and bypassing the Palestinian territories, the pipeline is largely insulated from insurgent attacks. The pipeline emerged from an agreement signed in 2005 with the East Mediterranean Gas Co. for Egypt to supply 1.7 billion cubic meters of natural gas over 20 years. Israel Electric estimates that Egyptian natural gas will supply more than 20 percent of Israel’s electricity over the next decade.

It is no surprise that Cairo has kept mum on this energy agreement. In late February when the pipeline was undergoing commercial testing, Muslim Brotherhood jumped at the opportunity to lambaste the Egyptian government for quietly making deals with Israel while Palestinians were starving in the Gaza Strip. Already on edge in dealing with soaring food prices, the last thing Cairo needs is to give more fodder to the opposition...cont'd

http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/egypt_israel_new_pipeline_and_institutionalizing_camp_david

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The War on Lebanon and the Battle for Oil
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=CHO20060726&articleId=2824

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Russia Keeps Israel In Its Pipeline

Der Spiegel reports that Russian energy company Gazprom is looking to extend its pipelines in a convoluted manner via Turkey to Israel to provide the nation with gas. This would bypass Israel being dependent on its unfriendly Arab neighbors for energy. Right now Israel is dependent on its offshore drilling in the Mediterranean, but is looking ahead to the day that this dries up...strange bedfellows, to say the least... this will be yet another target for terrorists to attack...cont'd

http://paxalles.blogs.com/paxalles/2006/08/russia_keeps_is.html


Israel`s Stake in the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline

May 23, 2006

The following text on the militarisation of the Eastern Mediterranean was completed a few months before the Israeli attacks on Lebanon. The pipeline project linking Turkey to Israel originally proposed by Israel at the time was an underwater pipeline from the Turkish terminal of Ceyhan to the port of Haifa. Following the bombing of Lebanon, it is highly unlikely that such a costly project would be undertaken. What is at stake in the war on Lebanon is the strategic control of a land corridor, which extends along the Eastern Mediterranean coast,from the Israeli-Lebanese border, accross Lebanon and Syria to Turkey, where it would link up with the port of Ceyhan.

The Anglo-US Military alliance seeks to establish control over Central Asian oil and gas reserves as well as strategic pipeline routes. The most important strategic corridor is the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil and gas pipelines dominated by British Petroleum (BP). This corridor not only integrates the Caspian Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean, it is also slated to channel Central Asian oil and gas to a strategic pipeline corridor controlled by Israel.

Israel has become a potential partner in the Baku-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which is protected by GUAM, a US-NATO sponsored military alliance between Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Moldava. What is envisaged is to link the BTC pipeline to the Trans-Israel Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline, also known as Israel’s Tipline, through a system of underwater pipelines, from Ceyhan to the Israeli port of Askshelon.

While the BTC pipeline is invariably described as a means of bypassing Russia and channelling Central Asian oil and gas to Western markets, part of this oil and gas is intended for re-export to the Asian market through the Red Sea port of Eilat. By linking the BTC to Israel’s pipeline system, Israel is slated to become a major player in the global energy market, in alliance with the Anglo-American oil giants.

Diverting Central Asian oil and gas to the Eastern Mediterranean (under Israeli military protection), for rexport to Asia, serves to undermine the inter-Asian energy market, which is based on the development of direct pipeline corridors linking Central Asia and Russia to South Asia, China and the Far East...cont'd


http://www.peuplesmonde.com/article.php3?id_article=527


Blue Stream pipeline to be extended into Israel, Lebanon
March, 2006

Gazprom's Chairman, Alexei Miller visited Turkey recently to discuss extending the Blue Stream gas pipeline to other countries in the Mediterranean region, including Israel and Lebanon. The sub-Black Sea gas pipeline will extend from the Black Sea port city of Samsun to Turkey's Ceyhan oil terminal on the Mediterranean and then on to Israel and Lebanon.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3251/is_3_233/ai_n24984273


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Russian Oil to Transit Israel: The Trans-Israel Pipeline Is Reborn

The Washington Institute for Near East Policy

By Simon Henderson

PolicyWatch #805
November 17, 2003

Later this month, an oil tanker will leave the Israeli Red Sea port of Eilat after taking on a cargo of Russian crude oil pumped through the Trans-Israel Pipeline (Tipline). The pipeline runs between Eilat and Ashkelon, located south of Tel Aviv on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast. The tanker will then set course southward, past Saudi Arabia, en route to customers in Asia. This event, a first, has the potential to greatly impact the international oil market. Russian oil exports are unconstrained by the quotas of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and a steady stream of expanded Russian shipments via the Tipline could help lower oil prices worldwide.

Built in 1968 to transport oil shipments from the Shah's Iran to Israel and Europe, the Tipline has been largely moribund since the 1979 Islamic revolution (except for occasional transshipments of Egyptian oil arranged as part of the peace treaty with Israel). The pipeline's principal commercial advantage lies in the fact that its 158-mile route spares tankers the much longer and costlier voyage around Africa. (The Suez Canal will only accommodate tankers with a comparatively small and unprofitable capacity of 160,000 tons.)

Up until a few years ago, using the Tipline to move oil in the other direction, from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, had not even been considered. But the recovery and expansion of Russian oil exports since the collapse of the Soviet Union has left newly privatized Russian oil companies hungry for new markets beyond over-supplied Europe (Russian export levels are currently around 5 million barrels per day and growing at a rate of 10 percent annually). The Tipline may provide a more economical means of reaching such markets.

Currently, most Russian oil is pumped to Black Sea terminals for shipment. Yet, these terminals cannot be used by the largest and most cost-effective tankers because of Turkish restrictions on the narrow Bosporus strait. The Tipline provides a solution to this problem. Smaller tankers carrying Russian oil from Black Sea ports can off-load at Ashkelon. Once the oil is pumped to Eilat, larger tankers can then transport it to Asia, considered a growing and lucrative market. (The first markets for Russian oil transported in this manner are reportedly India and Taiwan.) Toward this end, work was completed earlier this year enabling the Tipline to reverse its originally designed flow. Given previous expansion of tank storage farms at both ends of the pipeline, the route is now capable of moving 1.2 million bpd, roughly equivalent to Iraq's current exports. (Presently, world oil consumption is approximately 78 million bpd.)...cont'd

http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/winep/policy_2003/2003_805/



Iraq-Israel oil pipeline 'to reopen'
By Anton La Guardia
21/06/2003

Israel's finance minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, predicted yesterday that the British-era oil pipeline from Iraq's northern oilfields through Jordan to the Israeli port city of Haifa would be reopened.

"It won't be long when you will see Iraqi oil flowing to Haifa," Mr Netanyahu told a group of British investors in London. "It is just a matter of time until the pipeline is reconstituted and Iraqi oil will flow to the Mediterranean."

The pipeline was closed during the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948 and has never been used since. Its rehabilitation would dramatically enhance regional economic co-operation after decades of war and mutual suspicion..cont'd


http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/apr/20/israelandthepalestinians.oil


In The Pipeline: More Regime Change
Asia Times
Apr 4, 2003

An Israeli daily, Ha'aretz, has reported that Israel is seriously considering restarting a strategically important oil pipeline that once transferred oil from the Iraqi city of Mosul to Israel's northern port of Haifa. Given the Israeli claim of a positive US approach to the plan, the Israeli project provides grounds for a theory that the ongoing war against Iraq is in part a joint US, British and Israeli design for reshaping the Middle East to serve their particular interests, including their oil requirements.

According to the daily, Israeli National Infrastructure Minister Yosef Paritzky considers the pipeline project as economically justifiable as it would reduce the country's cost of oil imports. This is currently very high, as Israel imports oil from Russia. There would also be a strategic justification for the project, as importing oil from an oil supplier in Israel's close proximity would increase its fuel security and would address its major handicap, that is, its total dependence on imported fuel from far-away suppliers. While living in the oil-rich Middle East, the Israelis cannot count on regional oil exporters because of the existing Arab-Israeli conflict. Prior to the 1979 Iranian revolution, Iran, which was on friendly terms with Israel, provided its oil requirements. That arrangement ended in 1979 when the new Iranian revolutionary regime cut ties with Israel.

Paritzky has requested an assessment of the Mosul-Haifa pipeline's current state, which ceased to operate in 1948. Presumably, the pipeline will require major repair and/or upgrading, if not an overhaul, as it has not been in use for more than half a century. However, its full operation, including the required repair work, needs the consent of Iraq, the would-be oil supplier, and Syria, a country neighboring both Iraq and Israel, through which the pipeline passes.

Iraqi consent will be out of the question as long as the current regime of Saddam Hussein is in power. As acknowledged by the Israeli minister, a prerequisite for the project is, therefore, a new regime in Baghdad with friendly ties with Israel. However, such a regime, if ever it comes to power, will still require Syria's consent to operationalize the pipeline. Given the overall political environment in the Middle East and Israel's continued occupation of Syria's Golan Heights, the existing Syrian regime will never grant its consent as long as the status quo prevails. As stated by the Iranian government, during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) when Iraq enjoyed cordial and close relations with Israel's mentor, the United States, Israel tried, but failed, to resume the oil flow through the pipeline. Syria, a friend of Iran and an enemy of Iraq, blocked the flow of Iraqi oil.

Hence, unless the pipeline were redirected through Jordan, another country bordering Israel and Iraq with normalized relations with Israel, the pipeline project will require a different regime in Syria. In other words, regime change in both Iraq and Syria is the prerequisite for the project. As Paritzky did not mention a redirecting option, it is safe to suggest that the Israelis are also optimistic about a regime change in Syria in the near future.

..cont'd

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/ED04Ak01.html



IRAN - Iraqi Pipeline To Israel.

Reuters last week reported an Israeli official as claiming that Israel and Jordan were to discuss reopening a crude oil pipeline running from Iraq to Israel, via Jordan, which was shut down 55 years ago. The report caused an uproar in Arab circles. Syria-backed Druze leader Walid Jumblatt in Lebanon
said this was part of a "US-Zionist-Hashemite conspiracy" against the Arabs.

The agency said Israel's National Infrastructure Minister Joseph Paritzky was to meet Jordanian officials about restarting the pipeline, which used to transport Iraqi crude oil from Mosul to the Israeli port of Haifa during the British mandate period. Reuters quoted its Israeli source as saying: "We know the section of the pipeline here is in excellent condition but we want to know what the Jordanian part is like and whether it can be restarted easily".

Reuters reported the source as saying Jordanian officials had approached Israel about reopening the line. However, Jordan's Foreign Minister Marwan Al Muasher has denied the claim. In an interview with Qatar-based Al Jazeera TV, Muasher said the claim was "devoid of truth", adding: "The Jordanian government has not contacted (Israeli Prime Minister Ariel) Sharon's office or any Israeli government offical regarding this issue. Relations between Israel and Jordan are now very cold".

Baghdad To Blacklist Firms With Iran Links: Earlier this month the local press carried a report that oil companies with significant investments in Iran may be blacklisted by the US for possible work in Iraq after the war. Companies on a draft list, reportedly prepared by the Pentagon, include Anglo-Dutch supermajor Shell, Total of France and ENI of Italy. But an APS source in Washington discounts the possibility of ENI and Shell facing such a ban in Iraq, noting that Italy is part of the US-led coalition and former Shell Oil (US) CEO, Philip Carroll, is one of the candidates for the job of overseeing the Iraqi oil industry...cont'd

http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2685272/IRAN-Iraqi-Pipeline-To-Israel.html


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Israel/Jordan Want Dead Sea Pipeline

September 02, 2002 in print edition A-6

Israel and Jordan announced agreement on an $800-million pipeline intended to save the shrinking Dead Sea by moving water 200 miles from the Red Sea.

The Dead Sea, shared by the two countries, is dropping nearly a yard a year, officials from both nations said at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. Much of the Jordan River, which ends in the Dead Sea, has been diverted. The countries hope to complete preliminary plans this month and start a study of the project while making international appeals for funding...cont'd

http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/02/world/fg-briefs2.4

[Mnemosyne]

1. KnR cause it's good work! Thanks Dover.

:kick:

[Dover]

2. Thanks for that kick.

I wonder if DUers will actually read them. These days that seems like a lot to expect.
Nonetheless, it's here if anyone cares to do some history homework about things that we're not usually exposed to in the media, but are the foundation and catalysts for much that goes on.

[Mnemosyne]

3. It has gotten pretty bad here the

last couple of years. :hug:

Well I, for one, deeply appreciate your continued efforts to educate! :hi: